International Journal of Pharmacy Research & Technology (IJPRT)

Comparative Analysis of Early Versus Late Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Following Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Cases of Cholelithiasis with Choledocholithiasis

2026-01-01T08:28:28+03:00

Background: The optimal timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for choledocholithiasis remains debated. While early LC (≤72 hours) may reduce operative difficulty and hospital stay, late LC (>6 weeks) has traditionally been practiced to allow inflammation to subside.

Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted on 60 patients with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis who underwent successful ERCP for common bile duct clearance at a tertiary care hospital. Patients were randomized into early LC (within 72 hours; n=30) and late LC (>6 weeks; n=30) groups. Demographic, operative, and postoperative parameters including operative time, adhesion grading, conversion to open surgery, complications, and hospital stay were analyzed using standard statistical tests.

Results: Both groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, and comorbidities. Mean operative time was significantly shorter in the early LC group (56.2 ± 8.5 min vs. 77.4 ± 9.1 min; p<0.001). Severe adhesions were more frequent in late LC (40% vs. 10%; p=0.01). The mean length of hospital stay was reduced in the early LC group (2.9 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 1.2 days; p=0.002). Conversion to open surgery (1 vs. 2 cases) and postoperative complications (6.7% vs. 10%) were not statistically different.

Conclusions: Early LC within 72 hours of ERCP is safe and associated with shorter operative time, less operative difficulty, and reduced hospital stay without increasing complication rates. These findings support early cholecystectomy as the preferred strategy in patients with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis.

A CLINICAL STUDY OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY COMPARING FULL OUTLINE UNRESPONSIVE SCORE (FOUR SCORE) AND GLASGOW COMA SCALE SCORE (GCS SCORE) IN PREDICTING THE IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

2026-01-05T14:00:38+03:00

Objective: To compare and predict themortality in patients with TBI, by using FullOutline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) scoreand the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in Emergency department.

PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN PATIENTS WITH GALL STONE DISEASE IN A RURAL TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

2026-01-05T14:05:35+03:00

Background: Gallstone disease is aprevalent condition, with increasingevidence suggesting a link tohypothyroidism. However, the exact
relationship between thyroid abnormalities and gallstone disease is notwellestablished

Diagnostic Accuracy of Symphysio-Fundal Height in Detection of FGR by Taking Ultrasound as a Standard

2026-01-06T11:27:59+03:00

Objectives: To measure the diagnostic accuracy of symphysio-fundal height in detection of fetal growth restriction by taking ultrasound as a gold standard.

Study Design: validation study

Settings: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BBH, Rawalpindi.

Study Duration: 5th April 2022 to 4th October 2022.

Materials & Methods: A total of 225 women with singleton pregnancies between 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, aged 18 to 40, were enrolled. We excluded patients with fetal cardiac activity, congenital abnormalities, and polyhydroamnios. A researcher measured the fundal height every two weeks between weeks 28 and 38 at prenatal clinic visits. The distance between the uterine fundus and the top of the symphysis pubis was measured using a non-stretchable tape that came into touch with the skin of the abdominal wall. The researcher was facing the inch side of the tape to avoid bias. The inspecting hand's palm applied light pressure at a straight angle to the abdomen wall to delineate the fundus. Plotting of the measurements onto the normogram was done after they were measured in centimeters (to the nearest 0.5 cm). A radiologist performed an ultrasound to confirm FGR if it did not match gestational age.

Results: Overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy of symphysio-fundal height in detection of fetal growth restriction by taking ultrasound as a gold standard was 92.08%, 88.37%, 92.76%, 87.36% and 90.67% respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that symphysio-fundal height is a highly sensitive and accurate parameter for detecting fetal growth restriction.

Comparing the Diagnostic Precision of the RMI and ADNEX Models in Identifying the Ovarian Tumor

2026-01-06T12:20:34+03:00

Objectives: To assess the diagnostic precision of the ADNEX and RMI models in distinguishing between benign and malignant ovarian tumors while taking histopathology as the gold standard.

Study type: Validation study.

Study duration: 5th April 2022 to 4th October 2022 Settings: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Benazir Bhutto hospital Rawalpindi.

Materials & Methods: 165 patients between the ages of 14 and 65 who had at least one ovarian, para-ovarian, or tubal adnexal mass with a smallest diameter > 3 cm on ultrasound examination were included. Patients who had undergone bilateral adnexectomy or who had an adnexal mass under follow-up prior to the study's commencement were not included. The RMI/ADNEX score was computed. The patient was categorized as either low risk or high risk. To determine the predictive value of both models, the values were correlated with the histology report following surgery. Histopathological analysis of removed tissue serves as the foundation for the reference standard.

Results: The RMI model's diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV in telling the difference between benign and malignant ovarian masses were 90.11%, 85.14%, 88.17%, 87.50%, and 87.88%, respectively. ADNEX showed sensitivity of 85.56%, a specificity of 81.33%, a PPV of 84.62%, an NPV of 82.43%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 83.64%. Conclusion: This study concluded that diagnostic accuracy of RMI model in differentiation of benign and malignant ovarian masses is better than ADNEX model.

Evaluation of Novel Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction

2026-01-10T10:22:53+03:00

Background: Early diagnosis of acute myocardialinfarction (AMI) is time-critical, yet initial ECGfindings may be non-diagnostic, and highsensitivity troponin can be negative or borderline in very early presenters. Objective: To evaluatethe diagnostic performance

Diagnostic Accuracy of Triple Assessment in Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation with Statistical Analysis

2026-01-12T08:53:46+03:00

Background: Triple assessment combining clinical breast examination, radiological imaging, and fine needle aspiration cytology represents the systematic diagnostic approach for evaluating breast masses and determining malignancy probability. Despite widespread utilization, comprehensive analysis of individual component performance and concordance patterns with statistical significance remains incompletely characterized in contemporary literature.

Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 340 consecutive women presenting with palpable breast lumps undergoing complete triple assessment evaluation. Clinical breast examination, diagnostic mammography with BI-RADS categorization (0–6 scale representing <2% to >95% malignancy risk), and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (classified as C1–C5 according to National Health Service Breast Screening Programme criteria) were performed. All patients underwent histopathological examination as the gold standard reference. Diagnostic accuracy metrics including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. Statistical significance was assessed using chi-square analysis and McNemar's test with significance threshold of p<0.05.

Results: Combined triple assessment achieved 99.1% diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 99.0%, specificity 99.3%, p<0.001). Individual modality sensitivities were clinical examination 76.9% (p<0.001), mammography 94.9% (p<0.001), and FNAC 94.7% (p<0.001). Concordant findings (80% of cases, n=272) demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 99.4% specificity. Discordant cases (20%, n=68) showed elevated malignancy risk of 86.8% (59 of 68 cases, p<0.001), with FNAC-driven discordance demonstrating 92.9% malignancy detection versus 11.1% for isolated clinical examination concerns (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Triple assessment achieves exceptional diagnostic reliability when all components are concordant, supporting clinical decision-making without additional biopsy in appropriately selected cases. Discordant presentations mandate heightened investigation, with FNAC demonstrating superior prognostic weighting. Triple assessment represents the gold-standard diagnostic paradigm for breast mass characterization and malignancy stratification.

Comparative Study of Oxidative Stress Markers in Hemodialysis (HD) versus Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) Patients

2026-01-12T09:35:23+03:00

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on dialysis frequently develop anemia due to iron deficiency, blood loss, and chronic inflammation. Hemodialysis (HD) often involves intravenous iron therapy, which can elevate ferritin, while peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients may experience iron depletion through peritoneal losses. Ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) are key markers of iron status, but their interpretation is complicated by inflammation. Interleukin 6 (IL 6), a pro inflammatory cytokine, further influences iron metabolism and anemia. Comparing these parameters in HD and PD patients is essential for tailoring iron management strategies.

Aim: To compare iron and inflammatory markers between hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and assess correlations with age and gender.

Methods: A cross sectional study of 70 ESRD patients (35 HD, 35 PD) was conducted. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TSAT), ferritin, and interleukin 6 (IL 6) were measured using standard biochemical and ELISA methods. Statistical comparisons were made using Student’s t test, and correlations were assessed with Pearson’s coefficient.

Results: IL 6, serum iron, and TIBC did not differ significantly between HD and PD (p> 0.05). Serum ferritin was significantly higher in HD (574.05 ± 341.04 ng/ml) compared to PD (370.91 ± 292.38 ng/ml, p = 0.009). Age showed a weak negative correlation with ferritin, while females had higher ferritin than males.

Conclusion: HD patients exhibit elevated ferritin levels, likely reflecting iron supplementation and inflammation. Ferritin should be interpreted cautiously, and iron management strategies tailored to dialysis modality, age, and gender.

Evaluating the Impact of Workforce Burnout in Emergency Departments Considering Staff Performance and Patient Safety in Quetta: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-01-12T09:42:32+03:00

The problem of burnout among emergency department healthcare professionals affects worldwide healthcare systems most severely in limited-resource environments especially in Quetta Pakistan. This research analyzes the effect of working burnout on emergency department staff performance and patient protection in Pakistani medical units through PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) methodology with PRISMA analysis. A total of five research-based studies appeared in the timeframe from 2016 to 2024 and underwent theme-based analysis. Research evidence reveals significant emotional exhaustion and depersonalization together with psychological distress within the ED workforce while showing their connection to diminished job performance and workforce dissatisfaction and inferior patient safety operations. Multiple studies showed that work-related challenges and insufficient support systems and societal discrimination regarding mental health together fueled this problem. This review demonstrates the importance of immediate policy changes and institution-based mental health aids to reduce burnout and increase healthcare effectiveness across Quetta's medical facilities.

Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Metabolic, Hemodynamic, and Cardiovascular Risk Parameters in Adult Subjects

2026-01-12T11:32:14+03:00

Intermittent fasting has emerged as a popular dietary intervention with potential metabolicand cardiovascular effects. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of onemonth of intermittent fasting on anthropometric indices, glycemic parameters, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and hemodynamic variables

Chronic Prostatitis and Causative Organisms

2026-01-12T11:45:03+03:00

Background: Chronic prostatitis is a frequently encountered urological condition with a heterogeneous etiology. While gram-negative bacteria remain the predominant causative agents, atypical and sexually transmitted organisms contribute significantly to disease burden, particularly in sexually active men.

Objective: To identify the spectrum of causative organisms in patients diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis using conventional culture and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT).

Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted between March 2023 and November 2025 at a tertiary care hospital. Men aged 20–50 years presenting with recurrent urinary tract infection and genitourinary symptoms suggestive of chronic prostatitis were included. Patients with acute prostatitis or without identifiable organisms were excluded. All patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation, urine culture, expressed prostatic secretion analysis, and NAAT for sexually transmitted pathogens when indicated.

Results: A total of 146 patients were diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated on conventional culture (41%). NAAT identified atypical and sexually transmitted organisms in 10.9% of cases, predominantly Chlamydia trachomatis. Patients with multiple sexual partners showed a higher prevalence of atypical organisms.

Conclusion: Chronic prostatitis has a diverse microbiological profile. Along with conventional urine culture, NAAT improves detection of atypical and sexually transmitted pathogens and should be incorporated into diagnostic protocols for appropriate management.

A HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FETAL LUNG -A RETROSPECTIVE FETAL AUTOPSY STUDY

2026-01-12T17:02:09+03:00

Background: This paper focuses on Lung histogenesis study in normal human foetuses ranging from11 to 40 weeks of gestation age. The process of histogenesis is nothing but a series of events thatoccur during the development of a tissue. In this process undifferentiated cells attain full functional maturity.

ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS IN PELVIC PART OF SCIATIC NERVE, A CADAVERIC STUDY AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

2026-01-12T17:21:15+03:00

Background: Sciatic nerve is the largest and widest nerve in the human body. It is also called asthe ischiatic nerve or ischial nerve. It is the main continuation sacral plexus. It supplies posteriorcompartment thigh, leg and foot. Understanding the anatomical variations of the sciatic nerve is essential for clinicians and surgeons

Triple-Arm Randomized Trial of Intraperitoneal Levobupivacaine, Dexmedetomidine, and Placebo for Analgesia After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

2026-01-12T17:29:52+03:00

Background: Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still a major clinical issue. The use ofanalgesic agents through intraperitoneal instillation may lead to better multimodal analgesia.The current research was aimed at comparing the analgesic effects of levobupivacaine and dexmedetomidine against placebo

Effects of a 12-Week Strength and Circuit Training Programme on Explosive Power and Cardiorespiratory Endurance in College-Level Football Players

2026-01-13T08:56:23+03:00

Background: Football performance depends heavily on the integration of neuromuscular power and cardiorespiratory efficiency. Late adolescence and early adulthood represents a critical period during which targeted training interventions may induce favorable physiological adaptations.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of strength training and circuit training on explosive power and cardiorespiratory endurance in college-level football players.

Methods: Sixty male football players aged 18–21 years were randomly assigned to a strength training group, a circuit training group, or a control group (n = 20 each). The experimental groups underwent a structured 12-week training programme, while the control group continued routine physical activity. Explosive power was assessed using the standing broad jump test, and cardiorespiratory endurance was evaluated using the 12-minute run/walk test. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a 0.05 level of significance.

Results: Both strength training and circuit training produced significant improvements in explosive power and cardiorespiratory endurance compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Circuit training resulted in greater enhancement of explosive power, whereas strength training elicited superior improvements in cardiorespiratory endurance.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that both training modalities induce meaningful physiological adaptations in college-level football players. Incorporating strength and circuit training within youth conditioning programmes may optimize neuromuscular performance and cardiovascular efficiency essential for football performance.

Effectiveness of Diet Therapy in Mitigating Stomach Cancer in Kashmir Region of India: A Hospital -Based Study

2026-01-15T12:31:13+03:00

Background: Cancer is a multifarious and complex disease, which is defined as a rapid and abnormal division of cells that engulfs other organs in a process of metastasis. Stomach cancer is prevalent in Kashmir, and new cases are rising drastically. It’s because of unawareness of food habits, smoking, spraying of orchards, unhealthy lifestyles, wazwan (non-vegetarian foods), processed and ultra-processed foods, micro-plastics, and harmful radiations. Stomach cancer patients are the highest (25.2%) after cola rectal cancer (16.4%) (Maria A. Qureshi et al.). It is noted that the Kashmir Valley has cancer at the highest rate as compared to the rest of India.

Aims/Objectives: the main objective of this study is to analyse risk factors and effectiveness of diet therapy among the patients suffering from stomach cancer.

Materials & Methods: The study was conducted at super specialty hospital government medical college Srinagar. A sample of 163 patients was taken. Interview method was deployed to collect the primary data.

Results: Out of 163 patients, majority were unaware about the proper diet. Many patients were on palliative care. Age group was 50-80, with male 135 and 28 were female.

Skin Changes in Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study

2026-01-15T12:37:20+03:00

Background: Pregnancy is associated with profound hormonal, metabolic, immunological, and vascular changes that lead to various physiological and pathological cutaneous manifestations. Although most skin changes are benign and self-limiting, some pregnancy-specific dermatoses may cause significant maternal discomfort and fetal risk.

Objectives: To determine the incidence and pattern of physiological skin changes and pregnancy-specific dermatoses among pregnant women.

Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient department of Nirmala Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur, from February 2020 to October 2025. A total of 960 pregnant women were evaluated through detailed history taking and complete dermatological examination. Women with pre-existing dermatoses were excluded. Findings were categorized into physiological skin changes and specific dermatoses of pregnancy.

Results: Out of 960 participants, 536 were primigravida and 424 multigravida. Physiological skin changes were observed in the majority of women, with hyperpigmentation being the most common manifestation. Pregnancy-specific dermatoses were seen in a smaller proportion, with pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) being the most frequent condition.

Conclusion: Skin changes are extremely common during pregnancy, predominantly physiological in nature. Awareness of these manifestations helps differentiate benign changes from pathological dermatoses, enabling appropriate counseling and management.

Anthropometric Study of Facial Morphology in the Central Indian Population

2026-01-16T20:19:07+03:00

Facial anthropometry plays a crucial role inanatomy, forensic science, andreconstructive surgery by providingpopulation-specific standards for personalidentification. Facial dimensions exhibitsignificant sexual dimorphism and ethnic variation, making region-specific dataessential. The present study

Reinforcement Techniques for Dynamic Adaptive Learning

2026-01-17T12:02:29+03:00

The goal of dynamic adaptive learning systems is to tailor instruction by meeting the needs of each student instantly. In order to enable ongoing modification of instructional content based on student performance and engagement, this study investigates reinforcement learning strategies. The suggested technique dynamically modifies learning strategies and content complexity by modelling learning as an interactive feedback-driven process. When compared to static and rule-based systems, experimental results demonstrate better learning outcomes and engagement, indicating the effectiveness of reinforcement strategies for intelligent and scalable adaptive learning environments.

Drug Utilization Study in Patients of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Patients Attending a Government Tertiary Care Hospital in Jaipur City

2026-01-20T13:19:26+03:00

Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) remains a significant public health problem in developing countries, including India, contributing to morbidity, hearing impairment, and decreased quality of life. The rational use of antimicrobials and adjunctive medications plays a crucial role in the effective management of CSOM and in preventing antimicrobial resistance.

Objectives: To analyze the prescribing patterns of antimicrobials and other drugs in patients diagnosed with CSOM attending the outpatient department of a government tertiary care hospital in Jaipur City.

Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a period of six months among patients clinically diagnosed with CSOM. Drug utilization pattern was analyzed to identify the frequently prescribed antimicrobials and other therapeutic drug classes.

Results: The majority of patients were in the [31–45 years], with a slight predominance of females. Oral antimicrobials were the most frequently prescribed drugs, followed by systemic antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin. Adjunctive drugs included antihistamines, nasal decongestants, and analgesics. Polypharmacy was minimal, and adherence to the essential drug list prescribing was noted in all the cases

Conclusion: The prescribing pattern in CSOM patients at this tertiary care hospital showed a preference for antimicrobials like fluoroquinolones and beta lactams. The predominance of oral drug use supports patient compliance and ease of use. However, continuous monitoring, adherence to treatment guidelines, and judicious antimicrobial use are essential to curb resistance and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Interrelationship Between Placental Morphology and Thyroid Function in Preeclampsia: A Narrative Review

2026-01-20T15:29:05+03:00

Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancyrelated disorder, characterized by mild to severehypertension along with reduced or abnormalfunction of the placenta. The placenta plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsiaand increasing changes in maternal thyroid

Rauwolfia Serpentina: Phytochemistry, Mechanisms of Action, and Clinical Implications – A Comprehensive Review

2026-01-21T13:12:49+03:00

The Indian medical system has been using the medication Rauwolfia serpentina for many generations. The medication has been referred to as Sarpgandha due to its snake-like structure. Reserpine is the main alkaloid found in Rauwolfia serpentina, despite the fact that it contains over 50 alkaloids. Even at lower dosages, reserpine is an effective antihypertensive medication. In addition to its antihypertensive and hepatoprotective properties, the stems and leaves of Rauwolfia serpentine have numerous other therapeutic applications, such as sedative, antipsychotic, antidiahoerreal, and anticancer (in breast), among others. Although the herb Rauwolfia serpentina contains the principal four Indole alkaloids, the primary goal of this context is to provide information about the primary active alkaloid Reserpine, which is more concentrated in the plant's root and plays a significant part in the plant's antihypertensive activity. Reserpine must be used at a considerably lower level in order to have an antihypertensive effect; otherwise, it may have major side effects such as sedation, lethargy, psychological depressive disorders, hypotension, nausea, bradycardia, bronchospasm, and withdrawal psychosis.

A Cross-Sectional Study on Cervical Cancer Awareness and its Association with Demographic Factors in India

2026-01-22T08:37:16+03:00

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a significant public health concern, ranking as the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. India contributes nearly one-quarter of the global burden, with low screening and vaccination rates despite available preventive measures. Demographic factors may influence awareness levels, impacting early detection and prevention.

Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess cervical cancer awareness among reproductive-age women attending a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal and to analyze its association with demographic factors such as age, education, marital status, and place of residence.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among women aged 18–49 years visiting a tertiary care hospital. Data on demographics and cervical cancer awareness were collected using structured questionnaires. Associations between awareness and demographic variables were analyzed using Chi-square tests.

Results: Most participants were aged 20–25 years (31.4%) and had education above the 10th standard (45.3%). A majority were married (75.9%) and resided in urban areas (62.5%). Statistically significant associations were found between cervical cancer awareness and education (χ²=48.03, p=2.1×10⁻¹⁰), marital status (χ²=30.45, p=3.43×10⁻⁸), living area (χ²=9.59, p=0.0083), and age group (χ²=37.67, p=3.32×10⁻⁸).

Conclusion: Demographic factors significantly influence cervical cancer awareness. Tailored public health interventions focusing on less-educated, unmarried, rural, and older women are essential to improve preventive practices.

PRECISE SCORE, A PREDICTIVE TOOL VALIDATION FOR STONE-FREE RATE AFTER RETROGRADE INTRARENAL SURGERY (RIRS) FOR RENAL STONES GREATER THAN 2 CENTIMETRES-A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

2026-01-22T14:02:28+03:00

Background: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is increasingly being used for renalstones > 2 cm in patients where indicated. The available nephrolithometric scoringsystems are limited when predicting outcomes in larger stones such as R.I.R.S., T.O.HO.,and STONE scores. The PRECISE score, a seven-parameter preoperative tool (each 0–2; total 0–14), was developed and validated retrospectively in a single-center cohort.

Paracetamol versus Diclofenac as Intravenous Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgeries

2026-01-24T12:39:34+03:00

Laparoscopic surgery is increasinglypreferred because of its minimally invasivenature and faster postoperative recovery.Postoperative pain is a significant stressor and is inherently subjective. Inadequatepain management can adversely

Clinical Profile, Etiology and Outcome of Acute Encephalopathy among Children at Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2026-01-24T13:22:05+03:00

Encephalopathy is clinically defined as diffuse disorder of brain with at least two of the following ^[¹^] altered sensorium, altered cognition or personality, seizures. Acute encephalopathy is a pediatric emergency with high morbidity and mortality, however early identification and timely intervention can influence the outcome.

Bilayer Floating Tablet of Amoxicillin with Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) Powder for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer

2026-01-27T09:32:34+03:00

Peptic ulcer disease is associated with mucosal erosion from an imbalance of gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori infection, and weakened mucosal defenses. This study was done to treat Peptic ulcer disease by formulating Amoxicillin, which is a β-lactam antibiotic that kills bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Moreover, Deglycyrrhizinated licorice, an herbal alternative, was added in the formulation to provide mucosal protection and anti-inflammatory activity, aiding ulcer healing without affecting acid secretion and reduceing side effects.

The current study aimed at formulating a bilayer-floating tablet containing amoxicillin and deglycyrrhizinated licorice, and the purpose of this study was to increase gastric retention, increase localised drug delivery, and generate a synergistic anti-ulcerative effect. The floating drug delivery system has been designed to extend the gastrointestinal residence time, and thus, enhance the systemic availability of the drug to act locally in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the polymers used to make the bilayer tablet a sustained-release tablet were complemented by effusive agents to provide buoyancy and prolonged gastric retention. Wise choices were made on the excipients in order to stabilise the tablet. Based on this, the main objective was to develop a gastro-retentive bilayer tablet enabling the gradual delivery of amoxicillin in combination with the immediate localised activity of deglycyrrhizinated licorice. The findings showed effective floating characteristics and a consistent drug release profile, suggesting its potential as a promising therapy for treating peptic ulcers.

Central Obesity as a Predictor of Renal Stress in Metabolic Syndrome: Biochemical and Urinary Evidence

2026-01-29T09:15:18+03:00

Background:Central obesity is a defining feature of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and is increasingly implicated in early renal dysfunction [1,2]. However, biochemical and urinary markers linking central obesity to renal stress in MetSare underexplored in Indian populations.

BIODENTINE PULPOTOMY ALTERNATE TO ROOT CANAL TREATMENT IN YOUNG ADULTS

2026-01-29T09:26:23+03:00

Background: Vital pulp therapy using Biodentinehas emerged as a biologically conservativealternative to root canal treatment, especially inyoungadultswithirreversiblepulpinflammation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Awareness towards Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting System among Undergraduate Medical Students in Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa

2026-01-31T08:08:55+03:00

Background: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although pharmacovigilance is included in the undergraduate medical curriculum, underreporting of ADRs remains a major limitation of spontaneous reporting systems. Raising awareness among healthcare professionals, especially medical students who are future prescribers, is essential to strengthen the pharmacovigilance system.

Aim and Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and awareness regarding the ADR reporting system among undergraduate medical students of Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa.

Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2024 using a pre-designed, structured questionnaire circulated through Google Forms. The questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitude, and awareness regarding ADRs and pharmacovigilance. A total of 277 undergraduate medical students from second year to final year MBBS participated in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and expressed in percentages.

Results: Out of 277 students, 93 (33.6%) were from second year, 79 (28.5%) from third year, and 105 (37.9%) from final year. Overall, about 65% of students had adequate knowledge about ADRs and pharmacovigilance. A positive attitude towards ADR reporting was observed in nearly 92% of participants. Awareness was higher among final year students (approximately 69%), particularly regarding banned drugs, patient confidentiality, and legal responsibilities. However, nearly 30% of students still demonstrated insufficient awareness and practical understanding.

Conclusion: The study reveals satisfactory knowledge and attitude among undergraduate medical students; however, awareness and practical exposure to ADR reporting need further improvement. Regular training sessions, workshops, and integration of pharmacovigilance activities into clinical postings are recommended to strengthen ADR reporting culture among future healthcare professionals.

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders among Patients with Leprosy: A Cross-Sectional Study

2026-01-31T12:54:57+03:00

Background: Leprosy, caused byMycobacterium leprae, is a chronicinfectious disease that imposes significantphysical, social, and psychological burden.Stigma, disability, and chronicity mayincrease the risk of anxiety and depressive disorders. This study aimed to estimate theprevalence of anxiety and depressive