Association of serum electrolyte imbalance with tear film osmolarity in  chronic dry eye syndrome

Ahmad Mustafa, Hafiz Muhammad Nasrullah, Faiza Tariq, Abdul Rafe, Junaid Afsar Khan, Muhammad Imran Ali

Association of serum electrolyte imbalance with tear film osmolarity in chronic dry eye syndrome

Authors

Ahmad Mustafa, Hafiz Muhammad Nasrullah, Faiza Tariq, Abdul Rafe, Junaid Afsar Khan, Muhammad Imran Ali

Keywords:

dry eye syndrome, serum electrolytes, tear osmolarity, hypernatremia

Abstract

Dry eye syndrome (DES) represents a multifactorial ocular surface disordercharacterised by instability of the tear film and hyperosmolarity, often reflecting systemic and local homeostatic imbalance. Recent

References

Lin A, et al. Systemic determinants of tear film osmolarity in chronic dry eye. J Ophthalmic Sci. 2023;12(4):451–460.

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Published

2025-11-13

How to Cite

Ahmad Mustafa, Hafiz Muhammad Nasrullah, Faiza Tariq, Abdul Rafe, Junaid Afsar Khan, Muhammad Imran Ali. (2025). Association of serum electrolyte imbalance with tear film osmolarity in chronic dry eye syndrome. International Journal of Pharmacy Research & Technology (IJPRT), 15(2), 3229–3236. Retrieved from https://ijprt.org/index.php/pub/article/view/1186