Urban-Rural Disparities in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Cohort Analysis of Prevalence and BMI Predictors

Abstract

Background:Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses significant risks to maternal and neonatal health, with emerging evidence suggesting geographical disparities in its prevalence. This study aims to compare the prevalence and predictors of GDM between urban and rural pregnant populations, with a focus on body mass index (BMI) and age. Methods:A cohort of 300 pregnant women (150 urban, 150 rural) was assessed for GDM status using clinical criteria. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square analysis, and two-way ANOVA were used to compare BMI and age across GDM status and residential groups. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of GDM. Results:GDM prevalence was notably higher in urban (26%) compared to rural populations (16.7%). Urban women had significantly higher BMI and age compared to rural counterparts (p< 0.005). ANOVA indicated that BMI was significantly associated with residential group (F(1,296) = 41.230, p< .001), but not with GDM status alone (p = 0.082). No significant interaction effect between GDM and residence on BMI was found. Conclusion:Urban residence emerged as a stronger determinant of higher BMI and increased GDM prevalence than GDM status alone. These findings underscore the need for region-specific preventive strategies, particularly in urban settings.