Interaction between Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Smoking in the  Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Pakistan

Sayed Khan, Muhammad Arif, Noreen Maqbool Bokhari, Shehzeena Arif, Muhammad Sufian

Interaction between Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Smoking in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Pakistan

Authors

Sayed Khan, Muhammad Arif, Noreen Maqbool Bokhari, Shehzeena Arif, Muhammad Sufian

Keywords:

Smoking, Patients, HCC, HBV, HCV, Public health, Infection

Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health challenge,predominantly driven by chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections

References

Shadi Y, Heshmati B, Poorolajal J. Interaction between hepatitis B, hepatitis C and smoking in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health (Oxf). 2024 Feb 23;46(1):51-60. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad214. PMID: 37934962.

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Published

2025-12-15

How to Cite

Sayed Khan, Muhammad Arif, Noreen Maqbool Bokhari, Shehzeena Arif, Muhammad Sufian. (2025). Interaction between Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Smoking in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Pakistan . International Journal of Pharmacy Research & Technology (IJPRT), 15(2), 4375–4382. Retrieved from https://ijprt.org/index.php/pub/article/view/1444