Study of Clinical Profile and Risk Factors in Dry Eye Disease in a Tertiary Care Setting: A Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder of the tear film and ocular surface, increasingly recognized as a public health concern due to its rising prevalence and impact on quality of life.

Aim: To evaluate the demographic profile, clinical features, severity, and associated risk factors of patients presenting with DED in a tertiary care setting.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 130 patients clinically diagnosed with DED. Demographic data, occupational exposure, and symptom profiles were documented. Tear film parameters were assessed using Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT) and Schirmer I test. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) was graded, and severity was classified according to DEWS II criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test to determine associations between risk factors and disease severity.

Results: The majority of patients were aged 40–49 years (24.6%), with a female predominance (58.5%) and urban residency (67.7%). Office/computer-based workers formed the largest occupational group (35.4%). Dryness (69.2%), burning (63.1%), and foreign body sensation (56.9%) were the most common symptoms. Bilateral involvement was seen in 80% of cases. TBUT was <10 seconds in 80% of patients, while Schirmer I values were <10 mm in 70.8%. Based on DEWS II criteria, moderate severity was most common (41.5%), followed by mild (35.4%) and severe (23.1%). High screen time (>4 h/day), prolonged air-conditioned exposure (≥6 h/day), and MGD grade ≥2 were significantly associated with disease severity (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: DED is prevalent among middle-aged females and urban populations, with lifestyle factors such as screen time and air-conditioned environments contributing to disease progression. MGD is a key determinant of severe disease. Early recognition of risk factors and preventive strategies are essential to reduce disease burden and improve patient outcomes.