From Exposure to Excretion: Impact of Environmental Heavy Metal  Exposure on CKD and Urological Disorders in Pakistan

Muhammad Haroon Ghous, Sikander Afzal, Zia Ullah, Zaigham Bhatti, Tahir Mahmood Butt, Hameed Ullah Tareen, Farah Naz Tahir

From Exposure to Excretion: Impact of Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure on CKD and Urological Disorders in Pakistan

Authors

Muhammad Haroon Ghous, Sikander Afzal, Zia Ullah, Zaigham Bhatti, Tahir Mahmood Butt, Hameed Ullah Tareen, Farah Naz Tahir

Keywords:

Heavy metals, Chronic Kidney Disease, Urological disorders

Abstract

Environmental heavy metal exposure hasbeen a growing environmental health concernin South Asia, particularly in Pakistan, whereindustrialemissions,groundwater,inadequateagriculturalwastecontaminated runoff,managementand havecollectively contributed to chronic exposure

References

Kazi TG, et al. Heavy metal contamination in groundwater and its health implications. Sci Total Environ. 2022.

Nawab J, et al. Cadmium exposure and renal dysfunction in South Asian populations. Environ Pollut. 2023

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Published

2026-05-05

How to Cite

Muhammad Haroon Ghous, Sikander Afzal, Zia Ullah, Zaigham Bhatti, Tahir Mahmood Butt, Hameed Ullah Tareen, Farah Naz Tahir. (2026). From Exposure to Excretion: Impact of Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure on CKD and Urological Disorders in Pakistan. International Journal of Pharmacy Research & Technology (IJPRT), 16(1), 2126–2133. Retrieved from https://ijprt.org/index.php/pub/article/view/1841