Risk Factors and Anatomical Distribution of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers: A Prospective Observational Study

Abstract

Background: Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), predominantly basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, represent the most common malignancies worldwide with increasing incidence rates. Understanding the risk factor profile and anatomical distribution patterns is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies and optimizing early detection protocols. This study aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics, risk factor associations, and anatomical distribution of NMSCs in patients presenting to a tertiary care dermatology center.

Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months and included 60 histopathologically confirmed cases of NMSC. Detailed demographic data, sun exposure history, occupational details, family history, and phenotypic characteristics were recorded. Anatomical locations of tumors were documented and categorized. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate logistic regression to identify significant risk factors.

Results: The study population consisted of 38 males and 22 females with a mean age of 62.4±11.3 years. Basal cell carcinoma comprised 70% of cases while squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 30%. The head and neck region was the most commonly affected site (73.3%), followed by upper extremities (15%) and trunk (8.3%). Significant risk factors included chronic sun exposure (odds ratio 4.87, p<0.001), fair skin phototype (p=0.003), outdoor occupation (p=0.012), and age above 60 years (p=0.008). Family history of skin cancer was present in 21.7% of patients.

Conclusion: NMSCs predominantly affect sun-exposed areas in elderly individuals with significant occupational and phenotypic risk factors. Targeted screening programs focusing on high-risk populations and anatomical sites could enhance early detection and improve treatment outcomes.