Traditional Versus Technology-Enhanced Demonstrations in Competency-Based Medical Education

Abstract

Background: Anatomical demonstration is a fundamental component of undergraduate medical education and provides the bridge between theoretical knowledge and clinical application. Cadaveric dissection, prosection, anatomical specimens, models, charts, and microscopy have traditionally formed the core of anatomy teaching. However, increasing student numbers, limited cadaver resources, reduced teaching time, and the need for clinically integrated learning have encouraged the adoption of technology-enhanced approaches.

Objective: This narrative review compares traditional and technology-enhanced methods of anatomical demonstration within the framework of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) and examines their educational strengths, limitations, and potential for integration.

Materials and Methods: Recent literature concerning cadaveric teaching, three-dimensional models, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), three-dimensional printing, virtual dissection, simulation, and artificial intelligence (AI) in anatomy education was reviewed. Evidence from recent comparative studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses was synthesized according to visualization, knowledge acquisition, spatial understanding, learner engagement, retention, clinical integration, and competency development.

Results: Traditional demonstrations provide authentic three-dimensional and tactile experiences, appreciation of anatomical variation, professional development, teamwork, and ethical engagement with body donors. Technology-enhanced approaches provide interactive visualization, repeatable demonstrations, individualized learning, radiological correlation, and simulation-based practice. Recent evidence indicates that VR and other immersive technologies can improve anatomy learning, particularly when used as complementary rather than replacement strategies.

Conclusion: Traditional and technology-enhanced demonstrations have complementary educational strengths. A blended model integrating cadaveric experience with validated digital technologies, simulation, and appropriately supervised AI is likely to provide the most effective framework for competency-oriented anatomy education.