Correlation of Blood Pressure with Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus commonly exhibit concurrent abnormalities in glycaemic control, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism.

Objective: To evaluate the association of routinely measured glycaemic and lipid parameters with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a hospital-based population with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2026 at Hayat Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 100 adults with established type 2 diabetes were consecutively enrolled. Clinical, behavioural, anthropometric, blood pressure, glycaemic, glycated haemoglobin, and lipid parameters were recorded. Owing to incomplete data, 59 participants were included in the primary analysis, with variable-specific sample sizes applied where appropriate. Associations were assessed using Spearman correlation and multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and diabetes duration.

Results: The mean age was 48.3 ± 10.8 years, and 34 participants (57.6%) were male. Elevated blood pressure was present in 42 (71.2%), glycated haemoglobin ≥7.0% in 44/54 (81.5%), and dyslipidaemia in 51 (86.4%). Systolic blood pressure correlated with fasting glucose (ρ=0.370, p=0.004) and glycated haemoglobin (ρ=0.388, p=0.004), while similar associations were observed for diastolic blood pressure. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely correlated with diastolic blood pressure (ρ=-0.271, p=0.038). After adjustment, each 10 mg/dL increase in fasting glucose was associated with 0.98 mmHg higher systolic and 0.51 mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure.

Conclusion: Fasting glucose showed the most consistent independent association with blood pressure. The frequent coexistence of poor glycaemic control, elevated blood pressure, and dyslipidaemia supports integrated cardiometabolic assessment in routine diabetes care.