Prevalence and Clinicopathological Features with Oral Biological Correlates of Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders in Individuals with High-Risk Oral Habits: A Study from Pakistan

Authors

  • Gulmeena Masood Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan.
  • Alamgir BDS, FCPS, CHPE, Associate Professor Oral Pathology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
  • Sara Gardezi Assistant Professor, Development of Oral Biology, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan.
  • Kanza Nawadat Associate Professor, Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Muhammad Umair Professor, Oral Medicine Department, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Abdul Samad Gichki Associate Professor and HOD of Oral Medicine, Dental College, Sandeman Provincial Hospital Quetta, Pakistan.

Keywords:

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders, Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Leukoplakia, Tobacco Use, P53, Cyclin D1, Oral Cancer, Pakistan.

Abstract

Background: Potentially malignant oral disorders (OPMDs) are those that have the potential to develop into oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tobacco, areca nut, gutka, and related products are extensively used and play a major role in the burden of these disorders in Pakistan.

Objective: To assess the prevalence, clinic pathological features, and oral biological associations of OPMDs in patients with high-risk oral habits in Pakistan.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 250 individuals with high-risk oral habits. A structured questionnaire and oral examination were used to record demographic characteristics, habit history, and clinical findings. Where indicated, histopathological assessment and biomarker analysis were performed, including p53 and Cyclin D1 expression. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 26.

Results: In 108 (43.2%) participants, OPMDs were identified. Oral submucous fibrosis (41.7%) and leukoplakia (31.5%) were the most frequent lesions. The most common histopathological changes were mild dysplasia (45.4%). Positive expression of p53 and Cyclin D1 was seen in 63.9% and 56.5% of the cases, respectively. There were significant relationships between the expression of biomarkers and dysplastic severity (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: High-risk oral habits are common among people with OPMDs in Pakistan. The strong correlation between p53 and Cyclin D1 expression and dysplastic severity indicates that these proteins may play a role in assessing risk and detecting early signs of malignant transformation.

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Published

2026-06-30

How to Cite

Gulmeena Masood, Alamgir, Sara Gardezi, Kanza Nawadat, Muhammad Umair, & Abdul Samad Gichki. (2026). Prevalence and Clinicopathological Features with Oral Biological Correlates of Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders in Individuals with High-Risk Oral Habits: A Study from Pakistan. International Journal of Pharmacy Research & Technology (IJPRT), 16(1), 4354–4361. Retrieved from https://ijprt.org/index.php/pub/article/view/2205

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026)

Section

Research Article

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.