Association of Cumulative Opioid Dose, Delirium, and Duration of  Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Prolonged  Analgesia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Naveed Ahmed Durrani, Rameeza Khalid, Muhammad Azam, Waseem Ullah, Arshad Rabbani, Obaid Anwar

Association of Cumulative Opioid Dose, Delirium, and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Prolonged Analgesia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Authors

Naveed Ahmed Durrani, Rameeza Khalid, Muhammad Azam, Waseem Ullah, Arshad Rabbani, Obaid Anwar

Keywords:

Opioid analgesia, cumulative opioid dose, intensive care unit, delirium, mechanical ventilation, prospective cohort, morphine milligram equivalents.

Abstract

Background: Opioids are frequentlyadministered to critically ill patients torelieve pain and improve tolerance ofinvasive mechanical ventilation. However, cumulative opioid exposure may beassociated with delirium and prolongedventilatory support

References

1. Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM ICU). JAMA. 2001;286(21):2703–2710. doi:10.1001/jama.286.21.2703.

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Published

2026-10-15

How to Cite

Naveed Ahmed Durrani, Rameeza Khalid, Muhammad Azam, Waseem Ullah, Arshad Rabbani, Obaid Anwar. (2026). Association of Cumulative Opioid Dose, Delirium, and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Prolonged Analgesia: A Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Pharmacy Research & Technology (IJPRT), 16(2), 6473–6485. Retrieved from https://ijprt.org/index.php/pub/article/view/3359